Pentobarbital

VARMA, JOHNSEN, SHERMAN, YOUMANS received morphine and chloralose. Phenoxybenzamine 1.5 mg. Kg. ; was injected intravenously and the blood pressure was buffered by using the compensator. The increase in mean arterial blood pressure in response to phenylephrine injections did not exceed 3 ram. Hg. In 5 of tests, the change in heart rate was less than 2 per cent. In the other 2 animals, the heart rate increased 8 and 12 beats min. The results show that no cardioinhibitory effect was produced by phenylephrine when the rise in blood pressure was prevented entirely by use of the buffering device in combination with administration of phenoxybenzamine. In these experiments, the pulse pressure also was not altered. To test whether phenoxybenzamine might have interfered with the cardioinhibitory response in these animals in some way other than by preventing a rise in blood pressure, Pitressin 3 to 5 units ; was administered intravenously. This compound produced a moderate rise in blood pressure and marked cardiac slowing. In 4 dogs the changes in blood pressure and heart rate in beats min. ; respectively were as follows: + 1, --13; + 22, -44; + 26, -72; + 36, -95. These results demonstrate that the eardioinhibitory response through vagal activation still can occur in dogs under phenoxybenzamine. Discussion In the present studies, the cardioiuhibitory response to phenylephrine was found to be slightly greater in dogs under chloralose than in the unanesthetized controls. That the baroceptor reflexes retain their sensitivity in dogs under chloralose is to be contrasted with the action of sodium pentobarbital which largely prevents the vagal component of the cardioinhibitory response to vasoconstrictor agents.8 There is, however, a species difference in the effect of chloralose on the baroceptors. In cats, chloralose diminishes the sensitivity of the vasomotor center and baroceptors of the carotid sinus to changes of intrasiuusal pressure.11 In dogs and rabbits, chloralose does not cause any modification of blood presCirctUation Research, Volume Vlll, November I960. Oxygenated, prewarmed 35C ; artificial cerebrospinal fluid ACSF ; , and bubbled with 95% oxygen 5% CO2, pH 7.4. The ACSF contained in mM ; NaCl, 124; KCl, 3; NaHCO3, 26; CaCl2, 2; MgSO4, 2; glucose, 10; and NaH2PO4, 1.25. In some experiments, slices were perfused with a nominally CO2 HCO3 -free solution in which NaHCO3 was replaced with 10 mM HEPES buffer. The solution was buffered to pH 7.4 with NaOH and gassed with humidified oxygen. A bipolar tungsten stimulating electrode was placed on the stratum radiatum to activate CA1 pyramidal neurons. Paired-pulse square-wave impulses S1 and S2, 35 V ; 11 ; , generated by a Grass S88 stimulation and SIU5 isolation unit Grass Corp., Quincy, MA ; , were delivered with varying interpulse interval delays 30 50 ms ; adjusted to produce enhancement of the response to the second pulse paired-pulse facilitation; PPF ; . Stimulus amplitude was set to elicit a halfmaximal response to permit detection of synaptic potentiation. Stimuli were delivered at a frequency of 0.1 Hz. A glass microelectrode 1 4 M resistance, filled with 2 M NaCl ; was placed into the CA1 cell body region to record population spikes PSs ; in response to the first PS1 ; and second stimuli PS2 ; . With this strategy, PS1 was not consistently recorded, and this analysis is based primarily on PS2. Field potentials were amplified with a Grass P15 amplifier 1- to 50-kHz filters ; and digitally stored on videocassette tape by using a DR-384 analog-to-digital converter Neuro Data Instruments Corp., New York, NY ; . After a 90min recovery period without stimulation, control measurements were recorded for 20 min. The amplitude of PS2 was measured every 100 s with custom software Labview-based wave form analysis program; Advanced Measurements, Calgary, Canada ; . For purposes of comparison biological positive control ; , conventional long-term potentiation LTP ; of synaptic transmission was induced with highfrequency stimulation four pulse trains, 3- to 5-V amplitude, at 100 Hz, with train durations of 1 s, presented at 20-s intervals ; of the stratum radiatum pathway. Pentobarbital was obtained from The British Drug House, Toronto, Canada; the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, acetazolamide, the GABAA channel blocker, picrotoxin, and HEPES buffer were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO. The NMDA receptor blocker, d ; -2-amino-5-phosponopentanoic acid AP-5 ; , was purchased from Research Biochemicals International, Natick, MA. Acetazolamide and AP-5 were added to the ACSF after the 20-min control period at the same time that pentobarbital was added. Picrotoxin and HEPES were added to the ACSF at the beginning of the experiment, and control conditions were established in the presence of these agents before adding pentobarbital. Each slice was used for only one drug concentration. After 30 min of drug application. 146 Canongate Register of Marriages. [1564-1800 Dow, Gabriel, corporal in the 13th Regiment, and Cample Nairn, . daughter of James Nairn, Casway layer in Edinburgh 14 July 1798 George, and Agnes M'Knab m. Fryday, 25th Dec. 1674 Grisel, daughter to Andrew Dow, baker in Pearth, and John Macky Mackay ; , soldier in the 42nd Regimentt 19 Sept. 1791 Helen, and Robert Leadbutter; shoemaker 3 June 1750 James, brewer, and Margrat Comb, daughter to Lewtenant, Comb 29 Jan. 1784 Jean, daughter of -- Dow, glover in Edinburgh, and James Vaugan Vaughan ; , glover 24 April 1798 John, and Janet Thomson 1 Jan. 1737 John, indueller in Canongate, and Agnes Bowy, daughter to David Bowy, late cordner in Edinburgh, then recorded, &c. 12 May 1747 John, wright, and Shaw Syme, daughter of Robert Syme, weaver 14 Jan. 1792 John, cork cutter, and Janet Dawson, daughter of William Dawson, coach driver in Edinburgh 15 Nov. 1796 Daw ; , Margaret, residenter in Edinburgh, and William Paterson, staymaker 21 July 1744 Margaret, indweller, and William Murrison, journeyman mason in Edinburgh 19 Nov. 1756 Margaret, daughter to John Dow, threedmaker, and Mathew Adie, journeyman slater 5 April 1765 Margaret, daughter to the deceased James Dow of Bandick, and Alexander Ogilvie, merchant 21 Feb. 1766 Mary, and John Smibard, weaver in Liberton 9 Oct. 1734 Dowall, James, taillour, burges and freeman, and Issobell Purdie, daughter laufull to the deceast Andrew Purdie, taillour, burges of Edinburgh 14 Aug. 1697 Dowie, Agnes, daughter to the deceased Andrew Dowie, flesher, and James Riddle, journeyman smith 1 Dec. 1759 Ann, daughter of Mitchell Dowie, miller in St. Andrews, and William Stewart, shoemaker 21 May 1798 Catherine, daughter to William Dowy, tailor, burges, and John Dowy, in the parish of Kinross 23 Aug. 1729 Elizabeth, and John Grant, gentleman's officer of Excise, servant 18 May 1754 Isabella, and John Black, Inglishman, mar. within the Kirk of Halyroodhous be Mr. George Leslie , P. 17 June, m. Tuysday, 10 July 1655 James, son to William Douie, taylor, and Margaret Huxton, servitrix to Andrew Douie, flesher 10 Jan. 1742 Janet, daughter of - Dowie, farmer, and John Carruthers, wright 21 July 1794 John, in the parish of Kinross, and Catharin Dowy, daughter to William Dowy, tailor, burges 23 Aug. 1729 John, soldier in the 3rd Batalion of Royal Artilery, and Jean Hill, daughter of John Hill, labourer in Linlithgow 29 June 1799 Margaret, and James Moyes, coach driver 17 Nov. 1752 Marjorie, and James Miltoun, weiver, mar. in the Church of Halyroodhous by Mr. Patrick Hepburne, minister P. 9 July, m. Tuysday, 8 Aug. 1671 Marjorie and Williame Lauder, wheillwright, mar. in the Church of Halyroodhous by Mr. James Kid, minister p. 7 Nov., m. Fryday, 2 Dec. 1670 Mary, daughter of Andrew Dowie in Kettle in Fife, and James 31 Mar. 1790 Thomas, and Issobell Ker, mar. within the Kirk of Halyroodho u s be Mr. James Kid, minister p. 22 Nov., m. Fryday. 11 Dec. 1663 William, and Margaret Goseling, m. Tuysday, 7 Dec. 1647. With the rabbit under sodium pentobarbital 20 mg kg body wt ; anesthesia, its right submandibular gland, with the Wharton's duct and related blood vessels, was isolated from the submaxillary triangle. The freed gland was transplanted to the left temporal region and revascularized by anastomosis of the artery of the gland to the distal part of the external carotid artery, and the vein of the gland to the temporal vein. A polyethylene tube was inserted into the Wharton's duct and left outside the temporal skin. Rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups: control without transplantation ; , transplanted, and phenylephrine transplantation with phenylephrine treatment ; . Phenylephrine 10-7 mol L, 100 L ; or normal saline 100 L ; was slowly infused into the Wharton's duct from post-operative days 1-7, while the animals were conscious. On post-operative day 7, glands were removed under anesthesia!

Neuroanatomical Substrates of Sleep-Wake Behavior and Analgesia: Modulation by Anesthetics Lu J, 1 Nelson NE, 2 Maze M, 2 Saper CB1 1 ; Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; USA, 2 ; Department of Anaesthetics & Intensive Care, Imperial College School of Medicine, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, UK. Introduction: Anesthetics that antagonize the NMDA receptor e.g. ketamine, phencyclidine and nitrous oxide ; produce amnesia and analgesia but do not induce complete loss of consciousness. GABA agonist anesthetics e.g pentobarbital, chloral hydrate, muscimol and ethanol ; produce amnesia, analgesia and unconsciousness. Similarities and differences between the mechanisms of NMDA receptor antagonist and GABAA receptor modulated analgesia, anesthesia and modifications of sleep-wake behavior raise question regarding common sites of action. Methods: We examined c-Fos immunoreactivity ir ; in the sleep-wake system and supraspinal noradrenergic descending inhibitory pathways following administration of anesthetics. Next we lesioned the pontine descending noradrenergic cell groups using 6-hydroxydopamine and the ventrolateral PAG using the excitotoxin ibotenic acid to assess whether antinociceptive responses to the anesthetics are mediated, at least in part, by the A5, A6 locus coeruleus ; , A7 cell groups, or the PAG. Results: We found that subanesthetic doses of ketamine induced strong arousal behaviors and both sub-anesthetic and anesthetic doses increased fast theta EEG 4-7 Hz ; . In contrast, GABAergic agents produced slow delta EEG and sedation. Ketamine induced c-Fos expression in cholinergic, monoaminergic and orexinergic arousal systems and completely suppressed c-Fos immunoreactivity ir ; in sleep promoting ventrolateral preoptic nucleus VLPO ; whereas GABAergic agents suppressed Fos expression in arousal promoting systems and increased it in the VLPO. All anesthetics tested, with exception of pentobarbital induced c-Fos in the spinally projecting noradrenergic cell groups A5, A6 and A7 ; . 6hydroxydopamine lesions of A5-7 or ibotenic acid lesions of the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray PAG ; attenuated antinociceptive responses to noxious termal stimulation tail-flick test ; by both types of anesthetics. Conclusions: We hypothesize that a ; the neural substrates of sleep-wake behavior are also involved in anesthetic-induced sedative effects and b ; the descending noradrenergic cell groups regulate analgesic effects of A1 SLEEP, Vol. 26, Abstract Supplement, 2003 and pergolide. JPET #93393 have described previously Liu et al., 2003 ; . Following anesthesia with pentobarbital 30 mg kg, i.v. ; , heparin 10, 000 units, i.v. ; was administered to prevent clotting. The heart was then rapidly removed through a median sternotomy incision and placed in an ice cold Tyrode's solution. After the removal of extraneous fat and connective tissue, the aortic root was cannulated for retrograde perfusion. The heart was then mounted in a.
PARTICIPANTS Before the study, a sample size calculation was performed using an level of .5 and a level of .2. Accordingly, 24 healthy, nonsmoking men were studied age range, 21-34 years; mean SD age, 26 4 years ; after approval from the ethics committee of the Vienna University School of Medicine was obtained. We anticipated a 20% effect of exogenous ET-1 on ChBF based on the results of a previous study.17 The reproducibility of measurements of ChBF using laser Doppler flowmetry in our laboratory is comparable to that previously reported for measurements of ONH blood flow using the same instrument.18 The reproducibility of laser interferometric measurement of FPA is higher19 and therefore is not critical. The sample size was calculated to allow for detecting changes in ChBF of 8%. This means that the present study had a power of detecting a 40% reduction in ET-1induced changes in ChBF. The nature of the study was explained, and all participants gave written consent to participate. All volunteers passed a prestudy screening during the 4 weeks before the first study day, which included a physical examination and medical history; a 12-lead electrocardiogram; a complete blood cell count; measurement of activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, and fibrinogen levels; a clinical plasma histochemical analysis measurement of sodium, potassium, creatinine, uric acid, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, -glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, and total protein levels hepatitis A, B, and C testing; human immunodeficiency virus serologic analysis; and urine analysis. Furthermore, an ophthalmic examination, including slitlamp and permax.
Albino New Zealand male rabbits weighing 2 to 3 were used. Kidneys were exposed using a midline abdominal incision and light pentobarbital anesthesia. In the experiments concerning hydronephrosis, the midportion of the ureter was doubly ligated with silk sutures. Burns were made either immediately thereafter or 24 hours later. Appropriate controls were included. Cortical burns were made on the lateral aspect of the kidney with the head of a heated tack or with a fine electrocautery wire introduced 1 to 2 into the parenchyma. The resuits with both techniques were similar. Medullary burns were made with a fine cautery wire insulated so that only 1 to 2 was exposed, and introduced 1.5 cm into the lower pole of the kidney in the direction of the papilla. The current was applied for about 1 second, using a Birtcher blendtome unit. After burns were made, the incisions were closed with silk sutures and skin clips, and rabbits were allowed to recover from the anesthesia. Animals were sacrificed 2, 4, 6, or 24 hours after bums were made, and their kidneys were removed and fixed in 10 per cent formalin. Histologic sections of the lesions were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Multiple sections 18 to 24 ; from at least four lesions were studied in each category. The evaluation of the inflammatory response included an estimate of congestion, edema, necrosis, leukocyte margination, and the cellular infiltration of tissues. Exudative responses were graded from 0 to 4 but these attempts at quantitation will not be presented, since the only differences noted in this study were gross ones. Leukopenia was induced by the intravenous administration of 7.5 mg nitrogen mustard mechlorethamine hydrochloride ; . When the peripheral white blood cell count was less than 1000 mm 3 usually 3 or 4 days following the injection ; , the animals were operated upon as before, and 0.1 ml of a dilution containing 102 organisms ; of a 4 hour trypticase soy broth culture of the E. coli strain used by Beeson 1, 4 ; was inoculated into the cortex of the kidney. Animals were sacrificed 8 hours later, blood cultures were taken by cardiac puncture, the kidneys were removed and ground under sterile conditions in a virtis homogenizer, and serial pour plates were prepared for enumeration of bacterial populations. RESULTS. The law now says veterinarians and technicians shall or may sedate a non-livestock animal before performing a procedure known as intercardiac euthanasia, a method in which sodium pentobarbital is injected directly into an animal's heart and perphenazine.

RapPiy. R. L. WahI, H. A. Zlsssmsn, J. Junl, D Lehtl; Univ. MichIgan affect clearance of tracer from the common bile duct into the in and pentobarbital. Ceived medical management n 153 ; , those taking placebo who received medical management and CBI n 156 ; , and those taking no pills who received only CBI n 157 ; . Percent Days Abstinent. During the 16 weeks of treatment, there was an overall difference P .001 ; in percent days abstinent between those receiving placebo pills and medical management alone 73.8 ; , placebo pills and medical management plus CBI 79.8 ; , and CBI alone no pills or medical management ; 66.6 ; . Pairwise post hoc tests, corrected for multiple comparisons, showed a significant difference between those receiving pills and medical management compared with those and phenazopyridine. Received July 22, 1993. Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Dr. S. L. Parker, Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee-Memphis College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee 38163. * This work was supported by NIH Grant HD-20074 to W.R.C. The results of the present investigation demonstrate that administration of pentobarbital might inhibit dopaminergic neural activity not only in the nucleus accumbens but also in the rat striatum and phenelzine. Figure 4 Effect of picrotoxin 2 mg kg91 on pentobarbital-induced suppression of parasympathetic reflex vasodilatation in the lower lip elicited by electrical stimulation of the central cut end of the lingual nerve with a supramaximal intensity 30 V ; at pulse duration ; for 20 s. Drugs were administered where indicated by the arrows. Solid line shows the effect of pentobarbital on parasympathetic reflex vasodilatation, and dashed line shows the effect of picrotoxin on this response. Time min ; : time after administration of pentobarbital. The vasodilator response after administration of pentobarbital or picrotoxin is expressed as a percentage of the response at time 0 and is given as mean SEM ; * P: 0.05; * P: 0.001 vs before administration of pentobarbital. P: 0.05 indicates significant difference between the two data points. The number of cats used is shown in parentheses and pentostatin. Japanese White rabbits 1.5 to 2.0 kg ; or guinea pigs 200 to 300 g ; were euthanized under anesthesia with thiamylal sodium or pentobarbital sodium after being heparinized. Single myocytes were isolated enzymatically from the middle of the left ventricular free wall by a procedure described previously.9 All animal procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University and phenobarbital.